Spain's Supreme Court on Monday found nine Catalan separatist leaders guilty of sedition and misuse of public funds.
They were handed between nine and 13 years in prison in the landmark ruling.
Three other defendants were found guilty only of disobedience and not sentenced to prison.
All defendants were acquitted of the most severe charge - rebellion, for their role in the failed bid for independence in 2017.

Trump says no Israeli troops will go to Beirut after call with Netanyahu
Iran halting indirect talks with US over Israel's Lebanon incursion
Trump says Iran really wants to make a deal with the US
Israel's Netanyahu orders attacks in Beirut's southern suburbs
